The implementation of the "Management Measures for Safety Review of New Food Raw Materials" on October 1, 2013 marked the development of China's new resource food system into a new food raw material system. At the same time, the concept of new food raw materials officially replaced the original new resource food. New food ingredients refer to the following items that do not have traditional eating habits in China: animals, plants, and microorganisms; Components isolated from animals, plants, and microorganisms; Food ingredients whose original structure has changed; Other newly developed food ingredients. New food ingredients should have the characteristics of food ingredients, meet the necessary nutritional requirements, be non-toxic and harmless, and not cause any acute, subacute, chronic or other potential harm to human health. The new food ingredients do not include genetically modified foods, health foods, and food additives. New food ingredients must undergo safety review by the National Health and Family Planning Commission before they can be used in food production and operation. Since the approval of new food ingredients in 2008, more than 110 ingredients have been approved so far. These approved new food ingredients can be divided into eight categories based on their sources and properties: fungi, functional sugars, plant-based foods, and Plant Extracts. Please refer to the table below for details: We know that immunity is an important defense mechanism in the human body. When bacteria, viruses, and other substances that threaten human health appear in the outside world, the human immune system will actively protect the body's health. Numerous studies have shown that many approved new food ingredients have the effect of enhancing immunity, and these new food ingredients have increasingly appeared in various foods such as candies, yogurt, and beverages, gradually gaining public recognition. So, which of these approved new food ingredients are related to enhancing the body's immune system?
01
Fungi
At present, the new food ingredients include various probiotic ingredients, such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Lactobacillus plantarum. Research has shown that probiotics can enhance the body's immunity by improving the structure of gut microbiota, inhibiting the growth and reproduction of pathogens, inhibiting their colonization and reproduction, repairing intestinal epithelial barrier function, and promoting the absorption of mineral elements. In addition, the fermented mycelium of Cordyceps militaris, Guangdong Cordyceps fruiting bodies, and Tremella flavescens in fungi have good effects in enhancing human immunity. Among them, Cordyceps militaris, also known as Cordyceps militaris, is homologous and belongs to the same genus as wild Cordyceps militaris. The natural wild Cordyceps militaris was first recorded in the "Outline of New Chinese Materia Medica", which has the effects of "tonifying the lungs and kidneys, nourishing the essence, stopping bleeding and resolving phlegm". Numerous studies have shown that Cordyceps militaris is rich in various active ingredients such as cordycepin, which have the effects of enhancing the body's immunity, antibacterial, and hypoxia resistance. It also has good therapeutic effects on cough caused by lung deficiency, acute and chronic bronchitis, asthma, and other conditions. Cordycepin can activate T cell sensing receptors, enhancing T cell recognition of abnormalities in the human body, such as mutated cells, foreign infected bacteria, fungi, and viruses; Cordyceps polysaccharides can improve the respiratory system and inhibit tumor growth; Chongcao acid can inhibit the growth of various pathogens, etc. Guangdong Cordyceps fruiting body is a new species published by researchers from the Guangdong Institute of Microbiology in 2008, and is a unique new resource of Cordyceps in China. The fermentation mycelium of laminaria cotyledons of Ribes triqueter, also known as honeysuckle fungus, has anti-inflammatory, antiviral, tumor treatment, diabetes and other pharmacological effects.
02
Carbohydrates
Sugar, also known as carbohydrates in a broad sense, is one of the three fundamental substances in the biological world and the most abundant organic matter in nature. It can be divided into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, etc. Oligosaccharides, also known as oligosaccharides, are low degree polymeric sugars formed by connecting 2-10 monosaccharides through glycosidic bonds to form straight or branched chains, such as oligofructose, galactooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides, etc. Research has found that oligosaccharides are not digested and absorbed in the human gastrointestinal tract, but directly enter the large intestine for use by bifidobacteria. They are a proliferation factor for beneficial bacteria in the intestine and can promote the ecological balance of the gut microbiota. For example, oligosaccharides have strong adsorption capacity for pathogens and are not degraded by digestive enzymes in the intestine. They can carry attached pathogens and be excreted through the intestine, thereby preventing disease aggregation in the intestine. In addition, yeast β - glucan is a polysaccharide that exists in the yeast cell wall and has immune enhancing activity. Research has shown that yeast β - glucan can bind to macrophages and activate them; It can activate T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells (NK), and other immune enhancers; Can secrete some cytokines that activate immune cells; It can also activate neutrophils and phagocytes in gastrointestinal tissue, further activating and influencing the "immune nervous endocrine" regulatory network, enhancing its ability to resist infection, stress, and cellular adaptive protection. At the same time, it also has functions such as adsorption and elimination of fungal toxins, radiation resistance, and promoting wound healing.
03
Herbivorous species
Since ancient times, Chinese people have mainly consumed plant-based foods, except for some ethnic minorities. Many plant-based foods not only provide the necessary protein, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber for the human body, but also have certain medicinal value, which can regulate the body's immune system, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and other effects. For example: The Xuelian culture was obtained by processing and culturing the detached tissue of Tianshan Xuelian. Numerous studies have found that the Xuelian culture contains various physiological active ingredients such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, sugars, etc., which significantly improve macrophage phagocytosis rate and T lymphocyte transformation rate; Relieve cell apoptosis induced by UVB radiation, alleviate inflammatory damage, and alleviate oxidative damage to damaged cells; It can inhibit the permeability of mouse abdominal capillaries caused by acetic acid and the swelling rate of rat toes caused by carrageenan, and reduce the inflammatory swelling and foot pain threshold caused by carrageenan in rats. Ginseng is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb in China that has good effects on tonifying deficiency and dispelling evil. Modern chemical research has shown that the main components of ginseng are various active substances such as ginsenosides and polysaccharides, which have various effects on improving the body's immune system; Bai Zi Cai, Xian Ye Jin Que Hua, Qing Qian Liu Ye, Xian toothed snake grape leaf, etc. are all rich in flavonoids and have antioxidant effects; Xianmai Xuanfu Flower, Qiya Seed, and Round Bract Plantago Seed Shell are rich in dietary fiber, which can enhance the body's immunity by regulating intestinal health.
04
Plant extracts
Plant extract is a product formed by using plants as raw materials to selectively obtain and concentrate one or more active ingredients in plants, without changing their structure. As early as the SARS epidemic, domestic and foreign experts have mentioned that drinking tea can enhance immunity and prevent infectious diseases. According to research in the United States, this effect of tea may be related to active ingredients such as theanine and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). For example, theanine can regulate immune cells, enhance the human immune system, and resist the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi. In addition, EGCG has been widely used in various antiviral studies such as hepatitis virus, hand, foot and mouth disease, HIV, influenza virus, HPV, etc. Through these studies, it has been found that EGCG can inhibit virus replication and prevent the formation of offspring viruses by regulating the cellular redox environment; It has an inhibitory effect on the acidification of intracellular compartments such as endosomes and lysosomes, leading to inhibition of influenza virus growth in tissue culture. In addition, inulin can selectively promote the growth and metabolism of beneficial bacteria in the intestine, inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria, regulate the balance of intestinal microbiota, increase the gene expression of antioxidant enzymes and glutathione S-transferase, alleviate and improve ulcerative colon, increase the surface of calcium binding proteins, promote the absorption of calcium ions, promote the proliferation of intestinal cells, and thus increase the absorption surface area of the intestine; Bamboo leaf flavonoids and (3R, 3'R) - dihydroxy - β - carotene are efficient biological antioxidants that can resist the damage caused by free radicals to cells and organs in the human body, inhibit the automatic oxidation of cell lipids, and prevent cell damage caused by oxidation, thereby reducing the occurrence of cancer and enhancing immune function. The radish glucoside rich in the water extract of broccoli seeds is the most active type of isothiocyanate, which is considered to be the strongest anti-cancer ingredient found in vegetables so far. It has a protective and promoting effect on immune organs inhibited by cyclophosphamide, and can restore normal function.
05
Algae and their extracts
Algae are a type of relatively primitive and ancient lower organisms, and their medicinal value has been recorded in the ancient Chinese "Shennong Bencao Jing". Modern research has further confirmed their edible and medicinal value. For example: Rainy red algae is rich in astaxanthin and is recognized as the most ideal source of natural astaxanthin production in nature. Astaxanthin, as the most efficient pure natural antioxidant discovered so far, exhibits good biological activity in clearing free radicals, anti-aging, anti-tumor, and immune regulation; Chlorella pyrenoidosa can use sunlight to produce a large amount of protein, which exceeds that of high protein foods such as beef and soybeans. At the same time, it contains a precious growth factor (CGF), which can promote the enhancement of the body, especially in children and the elderly, and strengthen immune function; Salt algae is an extremely salt tolerant single cell eukaryotic green algae, rich in various natural carotenoids such as beta carotene, alpha carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, etc. It has strong antioxidant capacity and can enhance immunity.
06
Proteins
Research has shown that high-quality protein can stimulate immune system cells in the human body, serving as a supplement for infants and young children or those with compromised immune systems, improving disease resistance and reducing the likelihood of illness. High quality protein can also serve as an antibody component with immune function, and can bind to foreign proteins, which is an important step in removing foreign invaders. Peptide is an organic compound located between amino acids and proteins, with a molecular weight smaller than that of proteins but larger than that of amino acids. It is a fragment of protein molecules. It has the effects of easy absorption, suitable for allergic constitution, low osmotic pressure, and reducing the possibility of discomfort symptoms such as diarrhea and vomiting. If protein intake is insufficient, immune function will be impaired. Experts suggest that increasing the intake of high-quality protein and enhancing immunity can reduce susceptibility and enhance self-healing ability. For example, the amino acid content in wheat oligopeptides is balanced, almost the same as wheat protein, with the highest content of glutamic acid, most of which exists in the form of glutamine. It has been found that it has a variety of biological activities such as immune regulation, antioxidant, anti allergy, etc. It can stimulate the proliferation of lymphocytes, enhance the phagocytosis of macrophages, improve the ability of the body to resist external pathogen infection, and reduce the incidence rate of the body.
07
Oils and their derivatives
Edible oils and their derivatives are an important pathway for people to obtain essential fatty acids for the human body, such as linoleic acid, linolenic acid, etc. In addition, oils and their derivatives from different sources can also improve the body's immune system from different perspectives. For example, tomato seed oil contains lycopene, which can effectively eliminate free radicals, regulate cell metabolism, and improve human immunity; Fish oil and krill oil are rich in essential unsaturated fatty acids DHA and EPA, which play an important role in the early development of the immune system and help the immune system better function throughout its entire life cycle. They can regulate the body's inflammatory response and enhance immune function; Arachidonic acid oil, also known as arachidonic acid, is a direct precursor for synthesizing twenty carbon derivatives such as prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. These bioactive substances play a crucial role in the human cardiovascular and immune systems; Conjugated linoleic acid has the ability to scavenge free radicals and enhance the body's antioxidant capacity. It can regulate the body's immune system by regulating substances such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, cytokines (interleukins 1,4,6,8), prostaglandins, or nitrogen oxides, while also reducing allergic immune reactions. 08
Other categories
N-acetylneuraminic acid (bird's nest acid), also known as sialic acid, can bind to the cell surface to play a hydrophilic role, protect the cell surface, regulate immune cell activity, clear pathogens, and mediate cell surface molecular cross-linking; It can block the interaction between intrinsic receptors and glycosides for biological protection. Polysaccharides from clam meat can significantly promote splenic cell proliferation, enhance the activity of peritoneal macrophages, enhance their ability to phagocytose neutrophils, and restore immune dysfunction induced by CPA. In recent years, although the nutritional level of the people has been increasing year by year, issues such as life pressure and balanced nutrition have become more prominent. With the deepening of research on new food ingredients in enhancing immunity and other health functions, more and more new food ingredients will enter public life, adding bricks and tiles to national health, and opening up a new way of healthy living.
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2024-06-07
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